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Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, spreading through direct contact, contaminated food or water, insect bites, or airborne transmission. Common examples include influenza, tuberculosis, malaria, and COVID-19. Symptoms vary based on the disease but often include fever, fatigue, and respiratory issues. Prevention involves vaccinations, hygiene, and public health measures. Timely diagnosis and treatment, including antibiotics or antivirals, help manage and control infections effectively.